En janvier, je suis allée passer une matinée avec les fondateurs et les franchisés de Terramie. Ils m’avaient demandé de leur raconter ce qui se passait dans le domaine de l’hortithérapie aux Etats-Unis. En guise de préparation, j’avais « sondé » trois hortithérapeutes qui ont un peu de bouteille et des responsabilités, présentes ou passées, dans l’AHTA. J’en profite pour signaler que l’AHTA tiendra sa conférence annuelle les 9-10 octobre à Portland dans l’Oregon, un amour de ville où j’ai vécu pendant trois ans dans les années 1990. C’est à Portland qu’officie en particulier la célèbre Teresia Hazen. En keynote speaker, Roger Ulrich en personne ! C’est tentant, non ?
En introduction, j’ai rappelé et je rappelle ici les définitions de Clare Cooper Marcus et Naomi Sachs, la première professeure émérite au département d’Architecture à l’Université de Berkeley et la seconde directrice et fondatrice du réseau Therapeutic Landscapes Network dans leur livre. D’une part, les « healing, therapeutic or restorative gardens » : des jardins où les participants peuvent « s’asseoir, marcher, regarder, écouter, méditer, faire une sieste, explorer ». D’autre part, les « enabling gardens » proposent des activités «dirigées par un hortithérapeute professionnel, un ergothérapeute, un kinésithérapeute ou d’autres professionnels apparentés en collaboration avec les autres membres du personnel soignant. »
Pour au moins deux raisons, je ne vais pas traduire les propos des trois interlocuteurs : je suis un peu pressée par le temps et un petit bain linguistique ne fera de mal à personne. Bien que j’aie indiqué leur localisation géographique pour les situer sur la carte, il est évident qu’ils ont tous une vision assez globale de la situation. Ils répondaient à plusieurs questions : quelle est l’étendue des programmes d’hortithérapie aux Etats-Unis aujourd’hui, qui conçoit ces jardins, comment sont-ils financés, quels sont les bénéfices constatés pour les participants ?
Où on se rend compte qu’il y a encore beaucoup de pain sur la planche pour les « horticultural therapists » américains, mais qu’ils ne manquent pas d’enthousiasme et d’énergie!
Patty Cassidy dans l’Oregon
Patty Cassidy travaille justement à Portland et a été formée par Teresia Hazen. Elle a écrit le livre « Jardinage pour les seniors » traduit en français en 2014 et elle est très impliquée dans l’AHTA. Elle décrit son approche comme « Gardening for Wellness ».
Où en est-on en 2015 ? « Horticultural therapy is an growing and expanding profession in the US. In general, the types of programs range from clinical (working in a health care environment and being part of an interdisciplinary team) to social programming and vocational.
Horticultural therapists (HTs) work with a very broad base of clients ranging from children to aging citizens, with veterans, prisoners, cancer patients–any population that requires a therapeutic intervention — HTs are trained and skilled to deliver therapy working with physical, occupational, or recreational therapists. Consider Art and music therapists — we have much in common in terms of the populations and issues we all work all with.
In America, to be a Registered HT, one must have a bachelor’s degree from a college or universities in horticulture or HT. Those who have degrees in other academic areas, must get a foundation in plant science and human science in addition to horticultural therapy coursework that is through an AHTA approved certificate program. Plant science and human science courses may be taken at a college or university or as an online course. Coursework may also be met through obtaining college credit for related work and/or life experience. A 480 hour internship supervised by an AHTA approved supervisor is a requirement as well. »
Sur la conception des jardins. « If there are gardens at sites, many have been created by the general landscape architects (LAs) but I would not call these gardens therapeutic or healing. The gardens that have been intentionally planned to serve a particular population are often designed by skilled LAs who understand the necessary design features and plants for « therapy » gardens. Often HTs are the professionals who care for these gardens after they are designed and planted. HTs use the gardens in their HT practice and teach the staff how to use the garden. »
Le financement. « Not sure but often foundations of hospitals and other health care organizations raise the money for these special gardens. Lots of variety in funding source in America. »
John Murphy en Caroline du Nord
Le programme de John Murphy aux Bullington Gardens n’est pas né de la dernière pluie.
En mai 2013, voici ce que John m’avait écrit sur l’état des lieux. « Currently we have 486 members (as of mid May), of those 250 are registered HTs. This does not really give an accurate reflection of the extent of HT though. There are many folks involved in HT who are not members of AHTA. I’ve also been organizing a Carolinas HT Networking Group and I would say the majority of folks who attend that are not members. I’m sure this is similar in other regional HT groups as well. So it’s really hard to get a number that shows the scope of HT. »
En décembre 2014, il ajoutait ceci sur la prévalence de l’hortithérapie. « I don’t know of much hard data that exists to answer these questions. In terms of populations, my feeling is that HT is more prevalent with seniors, and those with developmental disabilities close behind. HT in the medical field has been lagging but I think it will increase due to the recent recognition in medical journals. I believe many HT programs begin because a practitioner sells the idea to an institution rather than that institution initiating a program. Or programs are done as a freelance service/business. I feel the number of HT programs is also increasing but since there is no required registry of those programs, it’s difficult to know. Also it might be hard to say what are actually HT programs. Does the retirement home with a vegetable garden for residents have a HT program? I would say no, but there’s nothing that says a HT program should conform to these standards. ».
« The HT programs can also take many forms, not just in a garden. The Rusk Institute which used to have a conservatory to conduct programs, now does most of its HT by bringing plant activities around to patients on a cart. If they are gardens, they can range from professionally designed sites by landscape architects or ones designed and implemented by the HT. I suspect many are just raised beds and containers. »
Bénéfices pour les participants. « As for research, while there are some studies done (many showing favorable results), HT probably lags very far behind other treatment modalities in terms of the number of studies published. That has been a big theme over the last several AHTA conferences– we need to do more research. It seems many published studies are done in Japan and Europe (bcp de recherche en Chine depuis quelques années). I hope this is helpful, but I think your questions really show that we have a long way to go to really get a handle on the HT profession in the US. »
Rebecca Haller dans le Colorado
Fondatrice du Horticultural Therapy Institute, Rebecca Haller donne ce bilan : « I believe that the types of programs and people served are pretty consistent with those listed in a study done by Jean Larson, published in 2010. They are elders and youth as well as people with: developmental disabilities, Alzheimer’s Disease or demential, psychiatric disorders, traumatic brain injuries, visual impairments, hearing impoairments, cancer, HIV/Aids, as well as veterans, victims of abuse, and people in corrections. (Full citation is: A Descriptive Study of the Training and Practice of American Horticultural Therapy Association Members, by Jean M Larson, Ph.D., Lija Greenseid,Ph.D., and Mary Hockenberry Meyer, Ph.D., Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture Vol. 20. 2010. pages 10-21.) »
Sur la conception des jardins. « Who designs is really varied. It depends somewhat upon the scope of the garden and the amount of hardscape. I THINK the number of programs is expanding, but the membership at AHTA is not – so I have NO data to back up my idea. »
Le financement. « Again, no data, but anecdotally it seems that most are financed by private donations. »
Merci Une article bilange et tres intressant
Contente que ça te plaise, Bill. C’est que la moitié du travail à faire pour toi 🙂